# Keeping code simple with regular expressions A regular expression can save multiple conditionals, loops and string functions, making the code simpler. A one-liner regex code looks elegant and much more readable. I am sharing some examples here. The first three are PHP and Javascript problems and their solution, followed by a RegEx solution. The other three examples are about employing regex in SQL database, Apache, Nginx web servers and Linux shell. #### Table of Content 1. [Time to read an article](#time-to-read-an-article) 2. [Gmail username validation](#gmail-username-validation) 3. [IP address validation](#ip-address-validation) 4. [RegExp in SQL](#regexp-in-sql) 5. [RegEx in Apache, Nginx webserver](#regex-in-apache-nginx-webserver) 6. [Linux Shell](#linux-shell) **Example 1: ** ### Time to read an article### According to a study in the Journal of memory and Language( [M Brysbaert](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0749596X19300786)), we read 238 words per minute. This function will return minutes to read the text input. ``` function minutesToRead($text){ $total_words = str_word_count(implode(" ", $text)); $minutes_to_read = round($total_words / 238); return max($minutes_to_read, 1); } echo minutesToRead($content) . ' min read' ``` Instead of breaking down the text into an array of words, we count the spaces `\s` in the text. We can also use `\w+` to count the words. **PHP (regex) ** ``` function minutesToRead($text){ $total_words = preg_match_all('/\s/', $text, $match); return max(round($total_words / 238), 1); } ``` **Javascript (regex) ** ``` function minutesToRead(text){ const word_count = text.match(/\s/g).length; return Math.max(Math.round(word_count / 238), 1); } ``` PHP `preg_match_all` matches all occurrences. In Javascript, the group flag `\g` is used to get all matches. If the text has HTML tags, use PHP `strip_tags` to remove these tags in Javascript use one of these regular expressions to strip tags. ``` /<[\w\s"-.=%#;'“”!?…{}()\d:\/]+>/g OR /<[^<]+>/g ``` **Example 2:** ### Gmail username validation ### A username input needs checks for these rules: - begins with an English letter - only contains English letters, digits and dot (.) - minimum 6, maximum 30 characters long A non-regex solution would need separate code blocks for each rule converting string to an array, using the `filter` function and several conditionals to implement all validation rules in the code. For brevity, I will go straight to the solution using regular expression. **PHP** ``` function isValidUsername($username) { return preg_match("/^[a-z][a-z0-9.]{5,29}$/i", $username) === 1; } ``` **Javascript** ``` function usernameIsValid(username){ return /^[a-z][a-z0-9.]{5,29}$/i.test(username); } ``` - `^[a-z]` ensures username begins with a letter in the range of a-z. - `[a-z0-9.]` checks rest of the username only contains alphanumeric values and a dot. - `{5,29}` validates the length of the string is in the allowed range. - `i` flag is used for a case-insensitive match. **Example 3: ** ### IP address validation### IPv4 address is a collection of four 8-bit integers (from 0 to the largest 8-bit integer 255) separated by a dot (.). Examples: - `192.168.0.1` is a valid IPv4 address - `255.255.255.255` is a valid IPv4 address - `257.100.92.101` is not a valid IPv4 address because 257 is too large to be an 8-bit integer - `255.100.81.160.172` is not a valid IPv4 address because it contains more than four integers - `1..0.1` is not a valid IPv4 address because it's not properly formatted - `17.233.00.131` and `17.233.01.131` are not valid IPv4 addresses as both contain leading zeros **Javascript (without regular expressions) ** ``` function isIPv4Address(inputString) { let ip = inputString.split('.'); return ip.filter((e)=>{return e.match(/\D/g) || e > 255 || parseInt(e) != e;}).length == 0 && ip.length === 4; } ``` PHP `filter_var` has an IP validator so, we do not need to write regex here. **PHP** ``` filter_var("192.168.00.1", FILTER_VALIDATE_IP, FILTER_FLAG_IPV4); ``` **Javascript (regex) ** ``` function isIPv4Address(inputString) { const ip = inputString.split('.'); if(ip.length !== 4) {return false}; return ip.every(e => /^([1-9]?[0-9]|1[0-9][0-9]|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])$/.test(e)); } ``` The IP address split on dots into four strings. Regular expression validates each of the string is an 8-bit integer. Unlike non-regex solution, there is no string to int conversion. - `[1-9]?[0-9]` matches numbers between 0 to 99 - `1[0-9][0-9]` matches numbers between 100 to 199 - `2[0-4][0-9]` matches numbers between 200 - 249 - `25[0-5]` matches number between 250 to 255 - `|` is OR `^`,`$` marks the beginning and end of the regex **Example 4:** ### RegExp in SQL### For example, to extract initials from the name column of a table. **MySQL query** ``` SELECT id, name, REGEXP_REPLACE(name, '(.{1})([a-z]*)(.*)$','$1\.$3') AS REGEXP_name FROM students; ``` **result** ``` id name REGEXP_name 33 Lesa Barnhouse L. Barnhouse 38 Kurtis Saulters K. Saulters 40 Charisse Lake C. Lake ``` - `(.{1})` group 1 matches the first character of the name - `([a-z]*)` group 2 matches alphabets up till space - `(.*)` group 3 matches the rest of the name up till the end - `$1\.$3` prints value of group1, `.` and value of group3 Note: MySQL regular expressions support is not extensive, and character class tokens are different: like: `[:alpha:]` instead of standard `\w`. More details on MySQL [RegExp manual](https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/regexp.html) and O'Reilly's [cookbook](https://www.oreilly.com/library/view/mysql-cookbook/0596001452/ch04s08.html). **Example 5: ** ### RegEx in Apache, Nginx webserver For example, a blog with URI `articles.php?id=123` uses article_id to display the requested articles. Change it to SEO friendly URI like `articles/category/title-of-article_123.html` in the blog. Virtually all articles now have a separate page with the id and relevant keywords in the name. The web server can regex match the new SEO URLs for id parameter, pass it to the script and display script output for the URL. **Apache2** ``` RewriteRule "_([0-9]+).html$" "/articles.php?article_id=$1" ``` **Nginx ** ``` rewrite "_([0-9]+).html$" "/articles.php?article_id=$1"; ``` **Example 6: ** ### Linux Shell Regex can save the hassle of opening a file and searching or scrolling for a directive or setting in it. Instead, use a regular expression to match text pattern in a file and get matching lines straight in the terminal. To find out the value of the `AllowOverride` directive in the apache configuration file. ``` grep -C 2 'AllowOverride' /etc/apache2/apache2.conf ``` `-C 2` flag adds extra lines for context, `AllowOverride` matches the exact word. Command outputs this ``` Options Indexes FollowSymLinks AllowOverride None Require all granted ``` To find PHP maximum upload file size without opening long configuration file `php.ini`. ``` grep 'upload.*size' /usr/local/etc/php/php.ini ``` outputs `upload_max_filesize = 2M` More grep information on [gnu grep](https://www.gnu.org/software/grep/manual/grep.htm) and [manual](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/grep.1.html) page. ### Conclusion Learning some basic regex and exploring different use cases can help you build a knowledge of the possibilities regex brings. Knowing where to use regular expressions in coding and problem-solving can help to write efficient code. Elegant, readable code is a bonus. I will write a second article about regex basics. If you have any comment or a better regex, please share. Header photo by [M. Dziedzic](https://unsplash.com/@lazycreekimages)